“Valourisation” refers to the process of ascribing or assigning value to something, often with the intention of emphasising or increasing its value (e.g. that it is humane/virtuous/valourous). This process is typically done to justify the necessity and moral imperative of such a thing.

Lobbying involves efforts to influence legislators and government officials in order to shape, support, or oppose policies, legislation, or regulations. Lobbyists often engage in activities such as meeting with lawmakers, presenting information and arguments, and advocating for specific outcomes on behalf of their causes.

Judicial review is the process by which courts, particularly in a constitutional system, assess and potentially invalidate other government branches' actions, laws, or policies to ensure they are in accordance with the constitution and adhere to legal principles.

A bureaucracy subsidy is monetary compensation provided to individuals for time and labor used in engaging in bureaucratic processes. The amounts for these subsidies are determined and provided by an independent public body to make sure that the process claiming these subsidies is efficient.

Retributive justice refers to the idea of seeking punishment that is equal to the gravity of a crime. The goal of retribution is to punish the criminal proportionately so that they know the weight of their actions.

Restorative justice focuses on promoting a more victim/community-centred response. It typically follows a process that involves either negotiation between the parties concerned or mediation. It also heavily promotes rehabilitation for the offender.

In December 2020, the US sanctioned Turkey in response to the Turkish government's acquisition of military technology from Russia. Recently in September 2023, The Biden administration announced that it is set to impose additional sanctions on five Turkish companies and a Turkish national on Thursday, accusing them of helping Russia evade sanctions and supporting Moscow in its war against Ukraine.